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Active vocabulary
civilized ['sIv(q)laIzd] цивілізований, вихований, культурний
shape [SeIp] форма, контур, тінь
weapon зброя
clay мул, бруд
pottery гончарня, майстерня
unsatisfactory ["AnsxtIs'fxkt(q)ri] незадовільний
kindling ['kIndlIN] запалення, займання
furnish забезпечувати, надавати
steamship ['sti:m"SIp] пароплав
generate ['dZenqreIt] викликати
remove [rI'mu:v] пересувати
harmful шкідливий, небезпечний
separating ['sepqreItIN] розділяючий
ore [O:] руда
refinery [rI'faIn(q)ri] цукрово-рафінований завод
rubber ['rAbq] гумовий
substance ['sAbstqns] речовина
prove [pru:v] довести
burning горіння; окислення (металу)
oxygen кисень
heat [hi:t] жару; температура
unite [ju:'naIt] з’єднати
oxidation ["PksI'deIS(q)n] окислення
combustion [kqm'bAst(q)n] горіння, займання; спалахування
whenever [we'nevq] щоразу, коли
give off ['gIv'Pf] виділяти
gasolene ['gxsqli:n] газолін; амер. бензин
rust [rAst] іржа; корозія металу
manner ['mxnq] метод, спосіб; образ дії
oil [OIl] олія
magnesium [mxg'ni:zIqm] магній
charcoal ['tSQ:kqVl] деревісне вугілля, отруїти чадом
glow [glq] сильний жар
require [rI'kwaIq] вимагати, потребувати
obtain [qb'teIn] отримувати, досягати
rag [rxg] ганчірка, відріз тканини
soak [sqVk] замочувати
throw [Trq] (threw; thrown) кидати, бросати; вивергати
unite [ju:'naIt] об’єднувати
spontaneous [spPn'teInIqs] самовільний, стихійний
explosion [Ik'splqVZ(q)n] вибух, спалах
gunpowder ['gAn"paVdq] чорний порох
dynamite ['daInqmaIt] динаміт
occupied ['PkjVpaId] зайнятий, заповнений
formerly раніше, колися
oxidize ['PksIdaIz] окислювати
expand [Ik'spxnd] розширяти, розповсюджувати, розвивати
violent ['vaIqlqnt] жорстокий, сильний, різкий
sudden ['sAdn] несподіваність, раптовий
increase ['INkri:s] збільшення, зростання
volume ['vPlju:m] об’єм
serious ['s(q)rIqs] серйозний, небезпечний
loss [lPs] втрата, загибель; збиток
origin ['PrIdZIn] джерело, качан
source основа; качан
descending [dI'sendIN] напрямків униз
device [dI'vaIs] обладнання, прилад
spark іскра
plant завод, фабрика; підприємство
liquid ['lIkwId] рідина
rubbish ['rAbIS] сміття, бруд
Text 1.
Fire. What Is Fire?
The earliest use man made of fire was to keep him warm. As he became more civilized he learned to use fire in many other ways. Even in earliest times man had learned to use fire to cook food, to shape weapons and tools, to change clay into pottery, and to furnish light. Light was especially important because it drove away wild animals at night. But primitive peoples had very slow and unsatisfactory ways of kindling fires. Modern man has not only improved the methods of kindling fires, but also he uses fire in many more ways. Fire furnishes the energy to drive machines, and keeps vast industries running. It drives the large locomotives of our great railroad lines. It moves steamships across the ocean; it causes the airplane to fly; and it generates electricity. It has even changed the methods of fighting wars. Fire is used to remove and destroy waste materials, and to kill harmful bacteria.
Fire is also used in separating most metals from their ores, as well as in forging and shaping metals into useful things. Many chemical changes of materials arc either made possible or speeded up by the use of fire. A few of these chemical changes are made in such places as sugar refineries and oil and rubber industries.
Controlled fire is useful to man, but uncontrolled fire is one of man's worst enemies. Thousands of lives and millions of dollars worth of property are lost each year through uncontrolled fires.
Fire is the heat and light that comes from burning substances. In 1774, Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, proved that burning is the result of the rapid union of oxygen with other substances. As a substance burns, heat and light are produced. Burning is also called combustion. Often oxygen unites with other substances at such a slow rate that little heat and no light arc given off. When this happens we call this process oxidation, rather than burning or combustion. Oxidation takes place whenever oxygen unites with other substances either rapidly or slowly. For example, when oxygen unites with gasoline, the action takes place rapidly and heat and light are given off. This process may be described by any of the three words, burning, combustion, or oxidation. When oxygen unites with iron and causes it to rust, burning, or combustion, does not take place, but oxidation does.
Answer the questions
1. What do you know about the fire?
2. Can you imagine yourself without fire?
3. Have you ever been a victim of uncontrolled fire?
4. Do you like to look at fire?
5. Would you like to be able to control fire and to know the way to do it?
6. Why uncontrolled fire is one of man's worst enemies?
7. In what way did people learn to use fire?
8. Did primitive peoples have efficient ways of kindling fires?
9. What does fire furnish and supply today?
10. What is fire used for?
11. What is your opinion of controlled and uncontrolled fire?
12. What is fire?
13. What did Antoine Lavoisier prove in 1777?
14. What is produced as a substance burns?
15. What do we call oxidation, burning and combustion?
Text 2.
Kinds of Fire
All substances do not burn in the same manner. Substances such as wood, oil, magnesium, gas, and coal give off heat and a flame, while a substance like charcoal gives off heat with only a glow. But all these substances require oxygen, which may be obtained from the air, in order for them to burn.
Sometimes old rags soaked with oil or paint arc aside and forgotten. Oxygen from the air may slowly unite with the oil in the rags. At first, there will not be a fire. But as oxidation gradually takes place, enough heat accumulates to set the rags on fire. This type of burning, called spontaneous combustion causes many fires.
Very rapid burning may cause explosions like those produced by gunpowder and dynamite. Here, oxidation takes place so rapidly that great volumes of gases are produced. These require many hundreds of times the space that was formerly occupied by the gunpowder or dynamite before it was oxidized. These gases expand so rapidly and violently that they produce an explosion. An explosion is really a sudden increase in volume, caused by rapid burning.
Answer the following questions
1. Do all substances burn in the same manner?
2. What does the color of the flame depend on?
3. What type of burning can be called spontaneous combustion?
Text 3.
Causes of Fire
Smoking and matches usually cause the greatest number of fires each year in the United States. However, serious losses result from blazes of electrical origin. Other leading sources of building fires-in descending order of number of alarms-include heating plants and cooking devices, open flame and sparks, children and matches, flammable liquids, and rubbish.
Answer the questions and make a conversation on the following topics
1. What kind of fire do you know?
2. Can you count the substances that can easy burn? What do you they need to burn?
3. What is the spontaneous combustion? What may cause it?
4. What may cause an explosion?
5. What causes of fire do you know?
6. Are smoking at home?
7. How to prevent the fires?
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