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Active vocabulary
bleeding ['bli:dIN] кровотеча
bleeding sickness - мед. кровоточивість, гемофілія
bleeding at the nose - кровотеча з носа
wound [wu:nd] рана, поранення
green wound - свіжа / що незажила/ рана
wound in the arm - поранення в руку
wound of exit [of entry] - мед. вихідний [вхідний] отвір рани
wound healing - загоєння рани
wound shock - травматичний шок
abrasion [q'breIZ(q)n] тертя, стирання
incised [In'saIzd] з розрізом, надрізаний
incised wound - мед. різана рана
laceration ["lxsq'reIS(q)n] розривання, розкраювання; розрив (тканини); рвана рана
puncture ['pANktSq] укол, прокол; пункція
gauze марля
gauze pack /plug/ - марлевий тампон
bandage ['bxndIdZ] бинт, пов'язка
to remove a bandage from a wound - зняти пов'язку з рани
they put a bandage over his eyes - йому зав'язали ока
bandage gauze - марлевий бинт
pressure ['preSq] тиск, натиснення; стиск
inner ['Inq] внутрішня частина (чогось)
vessel ['ves(q)l] посудина
measuring vessel - мірна посудина, мензурка
pressure vessel — посудина високого тиску
tourniquet турнікет, палять
internal [In'tE:nl] внутрішні органи
unconscious [An'kPnSqs] підсвідомість (у психоаналізі)
Text 1.
How to Control Bleeding. First Aid for Bleeding
There are four basic types of wounds: abrasions, incised wounds, lacerations, and punctures. Abrasions are made by rubbing or scraping. Incised wounds are sharp cuts that tend to bleed freely. Lacerations are jagged or irregularly shaped wounds often involving considerable tissue damage. Punctures are made by sharp, pointed objects. All four types are subject to bleeding and infection. Even the smallest cut or scratch permits thousands of germs to enter. Thus any wound, no matter how small, should be eared lor properly. The objectives in treating serious wounds are to control the bleeding, protect the wound from infection, and care for shock. Before treating any wound, the first-aider should wash his hands carefully with soap and water if they are available.
Control of Bleeding. If bleeding is not severe, the wound should be washed with soap and water, covered with sterile or clean gauze or other dressing material, and then bandaged. If the bleeding does not stop quickly or if the wound is large the first-aider may apply direct pressure to the wound, press down on one of the body's pressure points, or apply a tourniquet.
Direct Pressure. Most often, bleeding can be controlled by direct pressure on the wound. Place a clean or sterile cloth on the wound and hold it firmly in place. Add more cloth if needed, but do not remove any of the cloth that has become saturated with blood. Bandage the cloths in place and follow the procedures for treating shock. If cloth is not available, use your hare hand until a cloth can be obtained.
Pressure Points. For some wounds, especially on an arm or leg, bleeding can he stopped more quickly if tile first-aider presses the supplying blood vessel against an underlying bone. Such pressure lessens the flow of blood to the area, but does not stop the bleeding entirely; therefore, direct pressure on the wound should also be used.
There are two points on each side of the body where pressure on the supplying blood vessel is of occasional practical use. If the victim is bleeding from an arm or hand, the appropriate point at which to apply pressure is on the inner part of the upper arm about midway between the elbow and the armpit. Pressure here compresses the brachial artery against the arm hone, slowing the bleeding from a wound of the hand or the arm. If the wound is near the victim's shoulder, pressure applied below the wound is of no value.
Pressure on the femoral artery just below the groin on the front inner portion of the thigh compresses the artery against the underlying pelvic bone. Pressure here can reduce bleeding from a leg wound.
Timeouts, if a limb has been badly mangled or severed, a tourniquet may be applied as a last resort to stop the bleeding. A tourniquet should be used only for severe, life threatening heinorrhaging that cannot be controlled by other means, such as direct pressure.
The tourniquet should be applied several inches above the wound, between the trunk and the wound, but not near the edge of the wound. If the wound is near a joint, the tourniquet should be placed at the nearest practical area above the joint.
A tourniquet may be made with any Hat material about 2 inches (50 mm) wide. A bandage, stocking, or belt may be used as a tourniquet but rope, wire, or cord should be avoided as they may damage the underlying tissues. Wrap the material tightly around the limb, twice if possible, and tie a half-knot. Place a short stout stick on the half-knot and tie a full knot. Then twist the stick to tighten the tourniquet until the flow of blood stops. Secure the stick in place with the loose end of the tourniquet or another strip of cloth.
A properly applied tourniquet can be left in place for one or two hours without damage to the arm of leg. The first-aider should not attempt to loosen the tourniquet. It should only be removed by a doctor or other trained medical person.
Infected Wounds. These first-aid procedures should Ix-followed when treating wounds likely to be infected: provide rest for the victim, since physical activity can help spread the infection; immobilize the affected part of the body; if an arm or a leg is involved, elevate the extremity by placing pillows underneath it. If medical help will be delayed and medical advice is not available, wet applications may he given. Using boiled water, add two teaspoons of salt per quart of water. Immerse a clean tower inthe solution, wring it out, and apply it warm-not hot-to the wound. Be especially careful not to bum the area. The wet applications may be given for 30-minute periods spaced 30 minutes apart.
Nosebleeds. To stop a nosebleed has the person either sit up or lie down with his head and shoulders elevated. Then apply direct pressure by pressing firmly against die bleeding nostril. If this procedure does not stop the bleeding, pack the nostril lightly with gauze-not cotton-and apply pressure again. Cold towels applied to the nose may also be helpful. If the bleeding does not stop within a reasonable time, generally about 10 minutes, seek medical help.
Internal Bleeding. The signs of internal bleeding are similar to those of shock, and the same treatment procedures should be followed. Sometimes, blood may be coming from the mouth and nose even though no injury can be detected in the mouth or the nose. In this case, the bleeding may be from the lungs, stomach, within the skull, or from any of the passages leading to these areas.
If the victim has difficulty breathing, raise his head slightly. If lie is in shock or is unconscious, turn him on his side with his head and chest lower than hips. This position will prevent him from breathing blood into his lungs.
Answer the following questions
1. What are the basic types of wounds?
2. How are they made?
3. What are lacerations charatrized by?
4. What permits thousands of germs to enter our skin?
5. What are the objectives in treating serious wounds?
6. How is control of bleeding exercized?
7. What can be achieved by direct pressire on the wound?
8. What may be used to control or stop bleeding?
9. For what kind of wounds bleeding can be stopped more quickly? In what way?
10. Where is the pressure point for a leg wound?
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